In both World Wars, both Germany and the United Kingdom used auxiliary cruisers.
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In 1895 the Imperial German Navy mobilized the provisional auxiliary cruiser Normannia for a 15-day trial armed with eight 6-inch guns, two 3.5-inch (89 mm) guns, six 37-millimetre (1.46 in) guns, and two torpedo boats.
In 1892 Russia likewise built two more auxiliary cruisers. In 1890 German and British shipyards built new civilian ships designed for wartime conversion, and France, Italy, Japan, Austria-Hungary, and the United States made similar agreements with their shipyards. Germany and the United Kingdom responded to the precedent by asking their shipping companies to design fast steamers with provision for mounting guns in time of war. Russia purchased three ships in 1878 of 6,000 long tons (6,100 t) armed with 6-inch (150 mm) guns for use as auxiliary cruisers for a Russian Volunteer Fleet. Some of these were armed and served as Confederate States Navy raiders. From 1861 to 1865 European countries built high-speed ships to run the Union Blockade during the American Civil War. In 1856, privateering (or seizure of a belligerent country's merchant ships as a private enterprise) lost international sanction under the Declaration of Paris. The British Royal Navy purchased several that it converted to ships of the line.ĭevelopment of auxiliary cruisers
They also defended themselves against warships, scoring signal victories at the Battle of Pulo Aura and the action of 4 August 1800. However, many East Indiamen also travelled on their own, and therefore were heavily armed in order to defend themselves against pirates and privateers. In particularly dangerous times, such as when the home countries were at war, a convoy system would be used whereby the ships were escorted by a warship. East Indiamen of various European countries were heavily armed for their long journeys to the Far East.
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